Resources

Slovenian SA Decision 0603-42/2023/12 against Dodo Pizza

CCTV, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Data Broker Sells Voter Data on Support for QAnon and January 6

Data Sharing

UK’s New Data Use Bill: Easier Access and Enhanced Privacy for All

Local Laws

Data Sharing Toolkit Tracker

Data Sharing

Data Sharing Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Data Sharing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALTERNATIVA CORELLANA INDEPENDIENTE (6/26/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (7/18/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (4/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-BEST ELAN ONLINE SRL (8/6/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CONSULTORÍA PERITACIONES ALMERIENSES, S.L (4/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CLÍNICA PARÍS, S.L. (2024-03-021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TELEFÓNICA DE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (2/23/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Website operator (1/4/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies, Right to Erasure

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WATIUM S.L. (5/22/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CORPORACIÓN DUAL GRUPO LC, S.L. (3/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DENTAL REY-GAR, S.L. (3/7/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-20 MINUTOS EDITORA, S.L. (3/25/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ATLAS ENTERTAINMENT, S.L. (1/11/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Salento (1/24/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (12/30/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (11/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București (1/30/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALBEN AIRPORT FACILITIES S.L. (10/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (11/16/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (8/30/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-UPMOBILE SOLUTIONS, S.L. (10/26/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Private individual (12/15/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Libra Internet Bank SA (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRACTAMENT D’AIGUES TEIA, S.L. (11/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association (10/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-UAT Comuna Albeni (9/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RING RING CLIN S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MULTIGAS ASESORES S.L. (8/28/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-QUALITY-PROVIDER S.A. (8/1/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (6/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Birou Gas, S.L. (7/12/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRC TRUCKS 2020, S.L. (6/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-PUNTO ROJO LIBROS, S.L. (6/29/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Unknown (6/14/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (6/7/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (5/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-NORDETIA CLINICS IBERIA, S.L. (5/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WILLOUGHBY COLLEGE, S.A (5/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Apollo Salon S.R.L. (6/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Operator of a public toilet (8/23/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-SECURITAS DIREC ESPAÑA, S.A. (4/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INMARAN ASESORES S.L. (3/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Suomen Asiakastieto Oy (2/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (Unknown)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (12/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-EDITORIAL RIBADEO S.L. (1/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALPA 57 PRODUCCIONES, S.L. (11/25/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Das Sense Society SRL (11/9/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association Bld. Pipera 1-2E (11/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Materiale Constructii Online SRL (10/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-E Software Concept SRL (7/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (7/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Telemarketing company (4/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Workshop (3/29/2022)

Legitimate Interest, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RAMONA FILMS, S.L. (5/17/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Alfa Shipyard s.r.l. (3/10/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Megareduceri TV S.R.L. (5/3/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FLORAQUEEN FLOWERING THE WORLD S.L. (4/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DOOR2DOOR SPAIN, S.L. (4/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Property owners’ association (4/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MALAGATROM, S.L.U. (2/22/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Clearview AI Inc. (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Elektro & Automasjon Systemer AS (12/13/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Nobiotic Pharma SRL (12/13/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FUENSANTA S.L. (11/23/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MERCEDES GERENCIA, S.L. (10/25/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-AD735 DATA MEDIA ADVERTISING S.L. (11/12/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Caixabank S.A. (7/8/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Data Protection Authority of Bavaria-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Sweden (Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten)-Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (6/21/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Owners Association of Iasi Municipality (5/19/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (5/26/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Equifax Iberica S.L. (3/10/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Natural person holding the position of General Secretary for a political party in Bucharest (3/4/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (2/1/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. C&V Water Control S.A. (12/22/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Anmavas 61, S.L. (11/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (10/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberia Lae SA Operadora Unipersonal (7/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (7/23/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (6/4/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SOS Infertility Association (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Telefónica (3/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/9/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (12/16/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Modern Barber (11/26/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Nicola Medical Team 17 SRL (12/2/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

The State Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information of Baden-Württemberg discussion paper on “Legal Foundations in Data Protection for the Use of AI”

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Case C‑621/22 CJEU

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Marketing and Advertising, Specific processing situations

Guidelines 1/2024 on processing of personal data based on Article 6(1)(f) GDPR by EDPB

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

New data protection audit framework launched to help organisations improve compliance by UK ICO

Controllers and Processors, Data Sharing, Data Subjects Rights

Telegram’s New Policy: User Data to Be Shared with Authorities in Criminal Cases

Data Sharing, Data Subjects Rights

LinkedIn Used User Data for AI Training Before Updating Its Terms

AI, Data Sharing, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

National Strategy to Advance Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing and Analytics by the EO by the US President

Anonymisation, Controllers and Processors, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Recommendations 02/2020 on the European Essential Guarantees for surveillance measures

CCTV, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Processing Personal Data on the Basis of Legitimate Interests under the GDPR by FPF

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

GUIDELINES ON LEGITIMATE INTEREST by the NPC of the Republic of Philippines

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Guidelines for evaluating differential priavacy gurantees by NIST

Anonymisation, Controllers and Processors, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

GDPR guidance: Legitimate Inerersts Assessments (LIA) for Digital Advertising

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Marketing and Advertising, Specific processing situations

Practice Guide to Anonymising Personal Data

Anonymisation, Controllers and Processors

Recommendations 1-2022 on the Application for Approval and on the elements and principles to be found in Controller Binding Corporate Rules (Art. 47 GDPR)

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

C-597/19

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

C-708/18

CCTV, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the Data Act by the EU Commission

Controllers and Processors, Data Sharing

Relying on the legal basis of legitimate interests to develop an AI system by CNIL

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Data protection code of practice for digital identity schemes in Afrtica

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Meta Platforms Ireland v EDPB (Case T-319/24)

Controllers and Processors, Data Sharing, Data Subjects Rights

Case 2:24-cv-05140 by the attorney general of California

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Sharing, Lawfulness of Processing

Opinion 20/2021 on Tobacco Traceability System |EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Sharing

Opinion 19/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Hungary regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EDPB

Accreditation

Opinion 23/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Czech Republic regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 24/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Slovakia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 16/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the “EU Data Protection Code of Conduct for Cloud Service Providers” submitted by Scope Europe |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 17/2021 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the European code of conduct submitted by the Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers (CISPE) |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Data Sharing Code of Practice by UK ICO [Controller to Controller]

Controllers and Processors, Data Sharing

Opinion 25/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Lithuania regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EDPB

Accreditation

Opinion 35/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Belgium regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 36/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Norway regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 37/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Malta regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 38/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Latvia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 14/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Bulgaria regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 15/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Luxembourg regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 16/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Slovenia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 12/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of France regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 13/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Bulgaria regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 11/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Sweden regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 12/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Cyprus regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 13/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Croatia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 11/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Poland regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

Opinion 1/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Croatia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to Article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 02/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Latvia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to Article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 03/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Romania regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 4/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Malta regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Accreditation

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 02/2023 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of the digital euro

Accreditation

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 01/2023 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down additional procedural rules relating to the enforcement of Regulation (EU) 2016/679

Accreditation

Practice Guide to Anonymising Personal Data by Stiftung Dateschutz

Anonymisation

Opinion on legitimate interests of the data controller (Opinion 06/2014)

Legitimate Interest

GUIDE TO BASIC ANONYMISATION | PDPC Singapore

Anonymisation

Guidance on Anonymisation and Pseudonymisation | Irish DPC

Anonymisation

Opinion 05/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques | WP216

Anonymisation

Prokuratuur (Conditions of access to data relating to electronic communications) (C-746/18, EU:C:2021:152)

Law Enforcement, Local Laws

UK MRC Identifiability, anonymisation and pseudonymisation

Anonymisation

Members of the Code of Conduct for Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers

Code of Conduct

Guidelines 1/2019 on Codes of Conduct and Monitoring Bodies under Regulation 2016/679

Code of Conduct

CIPL Examples of Legitimate Interest Grounds for Processing of Personal Data [PDF] [Official Guidelines]

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Salvatore Manni Case C 398/15

Data Retention, Legitimate Interest, Storage limitation

ANAF Case C‑201/14, 1 October 2015

Automated Decision-making, Data Sharing, Data Transfers, Public Administrative Body

Anonymisation: managing data protection risk code of practice | UK ICO

Anonymisation

Spanish AEPD: 10 MISUNDERSTANDINGS RELATED TO ANONYMISATION

Anonymisation

A Guide to Lawful Basis | UK ICO

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Legitimate Interest, Performance of Contract, Public Interests, Vital Interests