Resources

UK to Regulate AI Frontier Models with New Legislation in 2025

AI and the audiovisual sector: navigating the current legal landscape by IRIS European Audiovisual Observatory

Harmonised Standards for the European AI Act by EU Commission

AI Principles and Best Practices for Developers and Employers by U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Perplexity AI Faces Lawsuit Over Alleged Copyright Violations by Dow Jones and NY Post

AI Toolkit Tracker

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda Socio-sanitaria Territoriale Rhodense (5/23/2024)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. (6/12/2024)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-VODAFONE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (4/5/2024)

Accuracy, Principles

Cypriot Data Protection Commissioner-Bank of Cyprus Public Company Ltd. (7/15/1905)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Oney Servicios Financieros E.F.C. (10/23/2023)

Accuracy, Principles

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-Company (12/22/2023)

Principles, Purpose limitation

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (9/21/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Mednow Medical Center di Giugni Marco (8/31/2023)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Douglas Italia S.p.a. (10/20/2022)

Accountability, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Company (8/23/2022)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Homeowners Association (12/28/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Areti spa (11/24/2022)

Accountability, Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-AMPLIFON Hungary Trade and Service Provider LLC (8/11/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Purpose limitation, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. (10/31/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Purpose limitation, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Company (10/9/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Company (8/8/2022)

Accountability, Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Raiffeisen Bank SA (9/9/2022)

Accuracy, Principles

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Recover AS (8/25/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Bar owner (7/19/2022)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Arbeidstilsynet (5/16/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Data Protection Authority of Hessen-Restaurant (7/13/1905)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro (4/28/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Public Interests, Sensitive Data

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Workshop (3/29/2022)

Legitimate Interest, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-MAYR MELNHOF PACKAGING ROMANIA S.R.L. (5/17/2022)

Accountability, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Telekom Romania Communications SA (12/6/2021)

Access Requests (DSAR), Accountability, Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Bulgarian Commission for Personal Data Protection (KZLD)-Bank (10/26/2021)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Bar owner (9/28/2021)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Magyar Telekom Nyrt. (6/18/2021)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TNT EXPRESS WORLDWIDE SPAIN, S.L. (6/22/2021)

Accuracy, Principles

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Tip Top Food Industry S.R.L (4/15/2021)

Accountability, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Certime S.A. (3/15/2021)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-I-DE Redes Eléctricas Inteligentes, S.A.U (3/2/2021)

Performance of Contract, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (2/3/2021)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Unknown (11/18/2020)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/4/2021)

Accuracy, Principles, Sensitive Data

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Unknown (12/16/2020)

Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (12/21/2020)

Accuracy, Principles

Lithuanian Data Protection Authority (VDAI)-Vilnius City Municipality Administration (10/21/2020)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Principles, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Party of the Socialists of Catalonia (8/17/2020)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Bankia S.A. (8/28/2020)

Principles, Purpose limitation

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Digi Távközlési Szolgáltató Kft. (‘Digi’) (electronic communication service provider) (6/12/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Purpose limitation, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (Unknown)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (Unknown)

Accuracy, Principles

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Unnamed financial institution (3/4/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Purpose limitation, Representative, Right to Erasure

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Bank (2/8/2019)

Accuracy, Principles

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Mayor (5/28/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Purpose limitation, Representative

Bulgarian Commission for Personal Data Protection (KZLD)-Bank (12/4/2018)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Purpose limitation, Representative

The State Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information of Baden-Württemberg discussion paper on “Legal Foundations in Data Protection for the Use of AI”

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Guidelines on Securing AI Systems by The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA)

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Japan AI Safety Institute’s “Guide to Red Teaming Methodology on AI Safety”

AI, Specific processing situations

Study Finds ChatGPT Can Perform Biometric Tasks: A Closer Look at Privacy Risks

AI, Sensitive Data

Recommendations for the use of AI coding assistants by ANSSI and BSI

AI, Specific processing situations

AIPact by the European Artificial Intelligence Office

AI, Data Subjects Rights, Specific processing situations

Manipulative, Deceptive, and Exploitative AI Systems report by the Dutch DPA

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Specific processing situations

FTC Targets Deceptive AI Claims with Operation AI Comply

AI, Lawfulness of Processing

OpenAI, Microsoft, and Amazon Join EU’s AI Pact to Shape Future Regulations

California Governor Vetoes AI Safety Bill

“AI & Algorithmic Risks Report” by Dutch Data Protection Authority

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

National Strategy on AI by Sri Lanka

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Specific processing situations

The Future of European Competitiveness by EU Commission

AI, New technology, Specific processing situations

Belgian DPA General Secretariat Artificial intelligence systems and the RGPD from a data protection perspective

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Specific processing situations, Transparency

Tech Giants Sign Open Letter Urging “Regulatory Certainty on AI” in Europe

LinkedIn Used User Data for AI Training Before Updating Its Terms

AI, Data Sharing, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Case C 203/22 on AI and automated decisions, the right of access under the GDPR, and the protection of trade secrets

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Health Care and Medical Sciences Best Practices by Pitfalls Gyorgy J. Simon Constantin Aliferis Springer

AI, Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data, Specific processing situations

Report and Guidance on Privacy in Social Network Services – ”Rome Memorandum” by International Working Group on Data Protection in Telecommunications

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Report of the work undertaken by the ChatGPT Taskforce by EDPB

AI, Specific processing situations

Rethinking Privacy in the AI Era | White Paper by Stanford University

AI, Specific processing situations

National Strategy to Advance Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing and Analytics by the EO by the US President

Anonymisation, Controllers and Processors, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation by UK ICO

AI, Specific processing situations

Datenschutzkonforme Künstliche Intelligenz Checkliste mit Prüfkriterien nach DS-GVO

AI, Specific processing situations

Analysis of the final compromise text of the EU AI Act with a view to agreement by the Belgian Presidency

AI, Specific processing situations

[PROPOSAL 2024] EU AI ACT

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative AI framework for HM Government by the UK Central Digital and Data Office

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the CJEU

AI, Specific processing situations

Case C 683-2021

Data Controller, Data Processors, Joint Controllers

Interim Report – Governing AI for Humanity by UN AI Advisory Body

AI, Specific processing situations

AI fairness in practice by the Alan Turing Institute

AI, Specific processing situations

Case T-1077/23

AI, Copyright, Specific processing situations

[DRAFT] FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY AND THE RULE OF LAW

AI, Specific processing situations

The NYT vs OpenAI and Microsoft

AI, Copyright, Specific processing situations

European Commision press release on AI Act Agreement

AI, Specific processing situations

New rules for Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers by the European Commision

AI, Specific processing situations

Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT)

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Act Provisional Agreement Press Release

AI, Specific processing situations

Guidelines for evaluating differential priavacy gurantees by NIST

Anonymisation, Controllers and Processors, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PRACTICE OF LAW by State Bar of California

AI, Specific processing situations

Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence (PROPOSED MEMORANDUM )

AI, Specific processing situations

The impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on artificial intelligence by the EU Parliamnet

AI, Specific processing situations

Guidelines for secure AI system development by UK NCSC and US CISA

AI, Specific processing situations

Benefits and Risks of Generative Artificial Intelligence Report by the State of California

AI, Specific processing situations

COMMON GUIDEPOSTS TO PROMOTE INTEROPERABILITY IN AI RISK MANAGEMENT | German Ministry of labor and social Affairs

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative AI: The Data Protection Implications by CEDPO

AI, Specific processing situations

Global Toolkit on AI and the Rule of Law for the Judiciary by UNESCO

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Privacy Policy template

AI, Specific processing situations

AI and Data Protection Risk Toolkit by UK ICO

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence by the US President

AI, Specific processing situations

Automated Decision-Making Under the GDPR by the FPF

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

AI How-to Sheets by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Description of the dataset template by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Opinion 44/2023 on the Proposal for Artificial Intelligence Act in the light of legislative developments

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial intelligence and the Information Privacy Principles by the Privacy Commisioner (New Zealand)

AI, Specific processing situations

How to use AI and personal data

AI, Specific processing situations

Practice Guide to Anonymising Personal Data

Anonymisation, Controllers and Processors

Case C-101/01

Data Transfers, Definitions, Principles, Processing of personal data, Sensitive Data

C-272/19

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

C-439/19

Criminal Convictions and Offences, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Public Interests

C-496/17

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

C-180/21

Criminal Convictions and Offences, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Public Interests

C-77/21

Principles, Purpose limitation

C-306/21

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Voluntary AI Safety Standard by the Australian Government

AI, Specific processing situations

Safe and responsible AI in Australia Proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings by Australian Government

AI, Specific processing situations

Global Approaches to Auditing Artificial Intelligence by IPIE

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence Security Governance Framework 1.0 by China Cybersecurity Standardization Technical Committee

AI, Specific processing situations

Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law by Springer

AI, Specific processing situations

UNESCO: Consultation paper on AI Regulation

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests, Specific processing situations

Saudi Data & Artificial Intelligence Authority: Rules governing the appointment of Personal DPOs under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL)

AI, Specific processing situations

NSW report: Artificial intelligence in New South Wales

AI, Specific processing situations

Briefing EU Legislation in Progress by EPRS on AI Act

AI, Specific processing situations

ON THE ANTITRUST IMPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDING GENERATIVE AI IN CORE PLATFORM SERVICES BY SSRN

AI, Specific processing situations

South Africa National Artificial Intelligence Policy Framework

AI, Specific processing situations

Policy for the responsible use of AI in government by Australian Government

AI, Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Consumer Protection in respect of Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence by Hong Kong Monetary Authority

AI, Specific processing situations

The State of Artificial Intelligence in the Pacific Islands

AI, Specific processing situations

Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive)

AI, Liability and Remedies, Specific processing situations, Supervisory Authorities

Securing Artificial Intelligence: Mitigation Strategy Report by ETSI

AI, Specific processing situations

Data protection compliant AI by Bavarian State Office for Data protection Supervision

AI, Specific processing situations

Case C‑461/22 CURIA

Data Controller, Definitions

Responsible AI Governance in Africa: Prospects for Outcomes Based Regulation by African Observatory on Responsible AI

AI, Specific processing situations

Statement 3/2024 on data protection authorities’ role in the Artificial Intelligence Act framework by EDPB

AI, Specific processing situations

Confidential Computing and Privacy: Policy Implications of Trusted Execution Environments by Future of Privacy Forum

AI, Specific processing situations

Formal Opinion 512 on Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools by AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION

AI, Specific processing situations

Case C-394/23, Mousse: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État (France) lodged on 28 June 2023 — Association Mousse v Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL), SNCF Connect

Definitions, Processing of personal data

National framework for the assurance of artificial intelligence in government by the Australian, state and territory governments

AI, Specific processing situations

Relying on the legal basis of legitimate interest to develop an AI system by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative AI Controls Framework Safe, Secure, and Compliant AI Adoption Approach Whitepaper by IBM

AI, Specific processing situations

Patent Landscape Report on Generative AI by WIPO

AI, Specific processing situations

Discussion Paper: Large Language Models and Personal Data by The Hamburg Commissioner for Data protection and freedom of information

AI, Specific processing situations

Data protection impact assessment for AI Solutions by Danish DPA

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

Mobilizing the legal basis of legitimateinterest to develop an AI system by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Today’s and tomorrow’s means of payment facing the challenge of data protection by CNIL

Definitions, Processing of personal data

EditorsTrends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies by SpringerProfessional

Definitions, New technology, Processing of personal data

Orientations for ensuring data protection compliance when using Generative AI systems by EDPS

AI, Specific processing situations

GDPR & Generative AI A Guide for Customers by Microsoft

AI, Specific processing situations

Risk and control for artificial intelligence and machine learning systems by Cybernetica

AI, Specific processing situations

Governance of artificial intelligence (AI) by House of Commons UK

AI, Specific processing situations

DECISION OF THE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER Snap Inc. and Snap Group Limited

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights: Using AI as a weapon of repression and its impact on human rights by EU Parliament

AI, Specific processing situations

Neurodata risks report by EDPS and Spanish DPA

AI, Specific processing situations

Orientation guide of the Conference of Independent Federal and State Data Protection Supervisory Authorities by the German Data Protection Conference (DSK)

AI, Specific processing situations

GDPR & GENERATIVE AI – A GUIDE FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR BY MICROSOFT

AI, Specific processing situations

Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law – by the Council of Europe (draft)

AI, Specific processing situations

Report of the work undertaken by the ChatGPT Taskforce bg EDPB

A Guide to ICO Audit Artificial Intelligence (AI) Audits by UK ICO

AI, Specific processing situations

Guideline on the massive collection of personal data from the web for the training of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) models by the Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)

AI, Data scraping, Specific processing situations

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 5/2021 on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative Artificial Intelligence Risk Assessment by State of California Department of Technology

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Report and Recommendations of the New York State Bar Association Task Force on Artificial Intelligence

AI, Specific processing situations

Perspectives on Issues in AI Governance by Google

AI, Specific processing situations

Deploying AI Systems Securely by NSA

AI, Specific processing situations

Opinion 39/2021 on whether Article 58(2)(g) GDPR could serve as a legal basis for a supervisory authority to order ex officio the erasure of personal data, in a situation where such request was not submitted by the data subject |EPDB

Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

Human rights Impact Assessments for AI by Access Now

AI, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)

GenAI and data protection: how organisations and their employees can use it appropriately and lawfully

AI, Employment

Practice Guide to Anonymising Personal Data by Stiftung Dateschutz

Anonymisation

Fashion ID, 29 July 2019, C-40/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:629

Data Controller, Data Processors

Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH, in the presence of Facebook Ireland Ltd (Case C-210/16).

Data Controller

GUIDE TO BASIC ANONYMISATION | PDPC Singapore

Anonymisation

Guidance on Anonymisation and Pseudonymisation | Irish DPC

Anonymisation

Opinion 05/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques | WP216

Anonymisation

UK MRC Identifiability, anonymisation and pseudonymisation

Anonymisation

Guidance on ai and data protection 2.0 | UK ICO

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) by NIST

Guidelines 07/2020 on the concepts of controller and processor in the GDPR

Data Controller, Data Processors, Definitions

AI Meets Media: OpenAI Secures Another Multi-Year Deal with Media Giant

AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data

AI, Specific processing situations

The government-wide vision on Generative Al of the Netherlands

AI, Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

AI Possible Risks & Mitigations Optical Character Recognition by EDPB

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

AI Possible Risks & Mitigations Named Entity Recognition by EDPB

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

AI system development: CNIL’srecommendations to comply with the GDPR

AI, Specific processing situations

Addictive patterns in the processing of personal data Implications for data protection by AEPD

Definitions, Processing of personal data

AI Auditing Checklist for AI Auditing by EDPB

AI, Specific processing situations

AI, DATA GOVERNANCE AND PRIVACY SYNERGIES AND AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION BY OECD

AI, Specific processing situations

Supervision of AI systems in the EU by Dutch DPA and RDI (english)

AI, Specific processing situations

Statement on the interplay between AI Act and GDPR for private sector by the The Austrian DPA

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Development Recommendations to Ensure GDPR Compliance by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

The Colorado AI Act “Senate Bill SB24-205”

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework by NIST: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Privacy, seriously by the UK ICO

AI, Privacy by Design, Product Privacy Design

AI and Data Protection risk toolkit by the UK ICO

AI, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)

Anonymisation: managing data protection risk code of practice | UK ICO

Anonymisation

Spanish AEPD: 10 MISUNDERSTANDINGS RELATED TO ANONYMISATION

Anonymisation

A Guide to UK GDPR Principles | UK ICO

Accountability, Accuracy, Data minimisation, Integrity and confidentiality, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Storage limitation, Transparency

A Guide to Lawful Basis | UK ICO

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Legitimate Interest, Performance of Contract, Public Interests, Vital Interests

The EDPB data protection guide for small business

AI, Risk Management