Resources

Case T-262/24 Commission v EDPS

Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Sharing, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Standard contractual clauses for EU-EEA by EU

Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Standard contractual clauses for international transfers by EU

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Mobile Applications recommendations for better privacy protection by CNIL (french)

Product Privacy Design

PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR DATA PROTECTION OFFICERS BY CNIL

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Records Management Toolkit Tracker

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Records Management Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Rossi Carta S.r.l. (4/24/2024)

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda Socio-sanitaria Territoriale Rhodense (5/23/2024)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Committee (4/24/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Dly S.r.l. (4/24/2024)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. (6/12/2024)

Accuracy, Principles

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Libero Consorzio comunale di Enna (4/11/2024)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Enel Energia SpA (2/8/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (4/22/2024)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (4/22/2024)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-VODAFONE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (4/5/2024)

Accuracy, Principles

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Greek Ministry of Immigration and Asylum (4/2/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Cypriot Data Protection Commissioner-Bank of Cyprus Public Company Ltd. (7/15/1905)

Accuracy, Principles

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Siracusa (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Libero Consorzio comunale di Caltanissetta (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Provincia di Catanzaro (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Provincia di Sassari (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Open Bank, S.A. (7/28/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Oney Servicios Financieros E.F.C. (10/23/2023)

Accuracy, Principles

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Disciplinary officer (4/20/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda socio sanitaria territoriale nord Milano, C.F. (12/7/2023)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Polish Minister of Health (12/20/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration (11/27/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (7/18/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. (10/20/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Mednow Medical Center di Giugni Marco (8/31/2023)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (9/14/2023)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (9/14/2023)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Uipath SRL (8/21/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-GYMOOGIMNASIOS S.L. (8/2/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data minimisation, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (5/31/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Piraeus Bank (6/12/2023)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Municipality (5/16/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Municipality (5/5/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Sorgenia S.p.a. (4/14/2023)

Accountability, Principles, Privacy by Design

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-AUTOMOBILE BAVARIA SRL (5/18/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Sports betting operator (5/18/2023)

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (2/8/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Company (10/27/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Szczecin-Centrum District Court (1/19/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Amiu S.p.A. (4/28/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles, Representative

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-News service (11/15/2022)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Company (8/23/2022)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Poliambulatorio Radiologico ‘il Sorriso’ S.r.l. (11/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Cisterna di Latina municipality (11/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Cisterna di Latina Municipality (11/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Areti spa (11/24/2022)

Accountability, Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Data Protection Authority of Ireland-Meta Platforms Ireland Limited (11/25/2022)

Privacy by Design

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-OTP LEASING ROMANIA IFN SA (11/25/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda Usl Valle d’Aosta (11/10/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Casa Rusu S.R.L. (12/9/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Mayor (11/2/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Raiffeisen Bank SA (11/16/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Banca Comercială Română SA (9/19/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Bitfactor SRL (9/22/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Private individual (7/13/1905)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Data Protection Authority of Berlin-Company (9/20/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Raiffeisen Bank SA (9/9/2022)

Accuracy, Principles

Data Protection Authority of Niedersachsen-Company (7/13/1905)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Telecommunications company (7/21/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale (5/26/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Occidentale (5/26/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Villabate municipality (5/12/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-SA Rossel & Cie (6/16/2022)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Made in Italy s.r.l.s. (4/7/2022)

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Fortum Marketing and Sales Polska S.A. (1/19/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Travel agency (12/16/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Centro di Medicina preventiva s.r.l. (12/16/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Warsaw University of Technology (12/9/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Greek Ministry of Tourism (12/29/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Bank (12/16/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-FREE MOBILE (12/28/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Telekom Romania Communications SA (12/6/2021)

Access Requests (DSAR), Accountability, Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (10/27/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (10/13/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (10/13/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-La Prima S.r.l. (9/16/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ACONCAGUA JUEGOS S.A. (9/29/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Roma Capitale (7/22/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Magyar Telekom Nyrt. (6/18/2021)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Unser Ö-Bonus Club GmbH (8/2/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Magazine publisher (6/24/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (6/11/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (5/31/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TNT EXPRESS WORLDWIDE SPAIN, S.L. (6/22/2021)

Accuracy, Principles

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-KARIERA A.E. (5/12/2021)

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata di Roma (4/21/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data

Data Protection Authority of Ireland-Irish Credit Bureau DAC (3/23/2021)

Accountability, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-OneDirect Srl (3/25/2021)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Cooperation with Supervisory Authorithy, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Istituto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale (INPS) (2/25/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (2/3/2021)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Unknown (11/18/2020)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/4/2021)

Accuracy, Principles, Sensitive Data

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Robinson Tours Ltd. (Robinson Tours Idegenforgalmi és Szolgáltató Kft.) (12/16/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Privacy by Design

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Online Services (12/15/2020)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (12/21/2020)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Conseguridad SL (10/26/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Deichmann Cipőkereskedelmi Korlátolt Felelősségű Társaságnak (10/23/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Lithuanian Data Protection Authority (VDAI)-Vilnius City Municipality Administration (10/21/2020)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Principles, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-El Real Sporting de Gijón S.A.D. (7/23/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Operator of CCTV of a residential building (7/14/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Glovoapp23 (6/9/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Estee Lauder Romania (4/23/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Sensitive Data

Data Protection Commision of Bulgaria (KZLD)-T.K. EOOD (2/20/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design

Data Protection Commision of Bulgaria (KZLD)-L.E. EOOD (2/20/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Privacy by Design

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Proximus SA (4/28/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Cooperation with Supervisory Authorithy, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Representative

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Facebook Germany GmbH (7/11/1905)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

The Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfDI)-Rapidata GmbH (12/9/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Czech Data Protection Auhtority (UOOU)-Alza.cz a.s. (Unknown)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Company in the medical sector (8/1/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-UNICREDIT BANK SA (6/27/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Principles, Privacy by Design, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Professional Football League (LaLiga) (6/11/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (Unknown)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (Unknown)

Accuracy, Principles

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Bank (2/8/2019)

Accuracy, Principles

Case C‑21/23 CJEU (full text in german)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Health Data, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Sensitive Data

Press Release No 159/24 on Judgment of the Court in Case C-21/23 CJEU

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Health Data, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Sensitive Data

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Health Care and Medical Sciences Best Practices by Pitfalls Gyorgy J. Simon Constantin Aliferis Springer

AI, Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data, Specific processing situations

THE NEW STANDARD CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

2023 Coordinated Enforcement Action Designation and Position of Data Protection Officers by EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Exceeding customer expectations by Google

Principles, Privacy by Design

Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and Social Care (Guidance for applicants)

Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data

C-534/20

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

C-453/21

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Noyb Complaint Case: C-082-01 to EU Data protection Supervisor against EU Parliament

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Public Administrative Body

Noyb Complaint Case: C-082-02 to EU Data protection Supervisor against EU Parliament

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Public Administrative Body

Case 4:23-cv-01110-P AHA v. Bacerra

Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data

Opinion 18/2021 on the draft Standard Contractual Clauses submitted by the LT SA (Article 28(8) GDPR) |EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 1/2022 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2021/953 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) to facilitate free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic |EPDB

Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 03/2022 on the Proposal for a Regulation on the European Health Data Space

Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data

Certified Data Protection Officer by PECB

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Personal data breaches in the health sector: how to avoid them (and how to deal with them when they happen) by the UK ICO

Data Breaches, Health Data

Joint statement on data scraping and the protection of privacy

Personal Data Collection

Records of Processing Activities under Article 30 GDPR | Irish DPC

Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

WORKING PARTY 29 POSITION PAPER on the derogations from the obligation to maintain records of processing activities pursuant to Article 30(5) GDPR

Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Joint Guide to ASEAN MCC and EU SCC

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Records of processing activities template by the CNIL

Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (‘DPOs’)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Guidelines 4/2019 on Article 25 Data Protection by Design and by Default

Privacy by Design

Guidelines 04/2020 on the use of location data and contact tracing tools in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak

Health Data

Guidelines 03/2020 on the processing of data concerning health for the purpose of scientific research in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak

Health Data

Guidelines 03/2022 on Deceptive design patterns in social media platform interfaces: how to recognise and avoid them

Privacy by Design

Telegram CEO’s Arrest Sparks Debate on Privacy vs. Regulation

Personal Data Collection, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Privacy, seriously by the UK ICO

AI, Privacy by Design, Product Privacy Design

Salvatore Manni Case C 398/15

Data Retention, Legitimate Interest, Storage limitation

ANAF Case C‑201/14, 1 October 2015

Automated Decision-making, Data Sharing, Data Transfers, Public Administrative Body

A Guide to UK GDPR Principles | UK ICO

Accountability, Accuracy, Data minimisation, Integrity and confidentiality, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Storage limitation, Transparency