Resources

UK’s New Data Use Bill: Easier Access and Enhanced Privacy for All

Local Laws

Age-Appropriate Design Toolkit Tracker

Children as data subjects

Age Appropriate Design Toolkit Tracker- more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Children as data subjects

Dutch Supervisory Authority for Data Protection (AP)-Uber Technologies Inc., Uber B.V. (7/22/2024)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Authority of Sweden-Tele2 Sverige Aktiebolag (6/30/2023)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Authority of Sweden-CDON AB (6/30/2023)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Authority of Ireland-Meta Platforms Ireland Limited (5/12/2023)

Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADSL HOUSE, S.L. (10/24/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TIGERS MARKET, S.L. (5/17/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TIGERS MARKET, S.L. (11/29/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INTRODUCTION BUSINESS CAPITAL MEDIA, S.L. (12/1/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Czech Data Protection Auhtority (UOOU)-Bank (7/12/1905)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (3/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Avilon Center 2016 S.L. (2/24/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vamavi Phone S.L. (2/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes, SAU (12/22/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

EDPS Model Administrative Arrangement

Data Processing by the Government, Data Transfers, Specific processing situations

The IDTA, Addendum and TRA: practical guidance for cross-border transfers by the UK ICO

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Transfers

Report and Guidance on Privacy in Social Network Services – ”Rome Memorandum” by International Working Group on Data Protection in Telecommunications

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Opinion 36/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Booking.com Group |EPDB

Data Transfers

Recommendations 1/2022 on the Application for Approval and on the elements and principles to be found in Controller Binding Corporate Rules (Art. 47 GDPR) |EPDB

Data Transfers

Recommendations 01/2020 on measures that supplement transfer tools to ensure compliance with the EU level of protection of personal data |Version 2.0 |EPDB

Data Transfers

Recommendations 01/2021 on the adequacy referential under the Law Enforcement Directive |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Thalès Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Thalès Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 33/2023 on the draft decision of the Hesse Supervisory Authority (Germany) regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Cerner Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 34/2023 on the draft decision of the Hesse Supervisory Authority (Germany) regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Cerner Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 35/2023 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Carlsberg Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 01/2024 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Booking.com Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 2/2024 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the TELEFÓNICA Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 3/2024 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Accenture Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 23/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules for customer data of the UPS Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 24/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Nestlé Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 25/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the SHV Holding N.V. Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 26/2023 on the draft decision of the Romanian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the OSF Global Services Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 27/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Tessi Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 28/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Servier Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 29/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Sodexo Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Sodexo Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

SWISS-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES ISSUED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Data Transfers

EU-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES ISSUED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Data Transfers

THE NEW STANDARD CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

International Data Transfer Agreements – Transitional Provisions

Data Transfers

Transfer Risk Assessment Tool by the UK ICO

Data Transfers

Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA) Template by HSE

Data Transfers

[UK EXTENSION] EU-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES ISSUED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Data Transfers

[UK] International Data Transfer Addendum to the EU Commission Standard Contractual Clauses

Data Transfers

[UK] Standard Data Protection Clauses to be issued by the Commissioner under S119A(1) Data Protection Act 2018

Data Transfers

Report on the first review of the functioning of the adequacy decisions adopted pursuant to Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Guide to Binding Corporate Rules by the UK ICO

Data Transfers

[Draft] Transfer Impact Assessment by the CNIL

Data Transfers

International data transfer agreement and guidance by the UK ICO

Data Transfers

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE, MULTILATERAL, AND UNIVERSAL SOLUTION FOR INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFER by the UK Government

Data Transfers

Child oriented approach to data processing by DPC Ireland

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Bulgarian CPPD Newsletter

Children as data subjects, Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

T‑553-23 R

Data Transfers

Drones and Data Protection Guidelines by AEPD

Drones, Specific processing situations

Case C-101/01

Data Transfers, Definitions, Principles, Processing of personal data, Sensitive Data

OPINION 1/15 OF 26. 7. 2017

Data Transfers

Guidelines 01/2023 on Article 37 Law Enforcement Directive

Data Transfers

Recommendation 5: Promote parental controls that respect the child’s privacy and best interests by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Recommendation 4: Seek parental consent for children under 15 by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Consent, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Recommendation 3: Support parents with digital education by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Recommendation 2: Encourage children to exercise their rights by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Recommendation 1: Regulate the capacity of children to act online by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Demonstration of a privacy-preserving age verification process by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Online age verification: balancing privacy and the protection of minors by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Online age verification: balancing privacy and the protection of minors by CNIL | French

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Recommendation 7: Check the age of the child and parental consent while respecting the child’s privacy by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Recommendation 6: Strengthen the information and rights of children by design by CNIL

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

EU-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK F.A.Q. FOR EUROPEAN BUSINESSES BY EDPB

Data Transfers

Case C-394/23, Mousse: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État (France) lodged on 28 June 2023 — Association Mousse v Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL), SNCF Connect

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Today’s and tomorrow’s means of payment facing the challenge of data protection by CNIL

Definitions, Processing of personal data

EditorsTrends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies by SpringerProfessional

Definitions, New technology, Processing of personal data

Guidelines 01/2023 on Article 37 Law Enforcement Directive by EDPB

Data Transfers

Principles on Children & Online Gaming Adopted at the Nordic Data Protection Meeting in Oslo 30 May 2024

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Information note by EDPB on data transfers under the GDPR to the United States after the adoption of the adequacy decision on 10 July 2023

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 18/2021 on the draft Standard Contractual Clauses submitted by the LT SA (Article 28(8) GDPR) |EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Opinion 26/2021 on the draft decision of the Supervisory Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Internet Initiative Japan Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 27/2021 on the draft decision of the Supervisory Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Internet Initiative Japan Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 28/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Oregon Tool, Inc (formerly “Blount”) |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 29/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Oregon Tool, Inc (Formerly “Blount”) |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 21/2021 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the CGI Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 22/2021 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the CGI Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 14/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the United Kingdom |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 15/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/680 on the adequate protection of personal data in the United Kingdom |EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the Republic of Korea |EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Information Note by EDPB on the redress mechanism for EU/EEA individuals in relation to alleged violations of U.S. law with respect to their data collected by U.S authorities competent for national security

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

EU-US Data Privacy Framework Template Complaint Form for Submitting Commercial Related Complaints to EU DPAs by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 03/2022 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the WEBHELP Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 33/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Carrier |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 34/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Otis |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 08/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Bioclinica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 06/2022 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Groupon International Limited |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 05/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Lundbeck Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 07/2022 on the draft decision of the Hungarian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of MOL Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 04/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Norican Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the Republic of Korea |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 2/2022 on the Proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act)

Data Transfers

Opinion 17/2022 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the ANTOLIN Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 18/2022 on the draft decision of the Baden-Württemberg (Germany) Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Daimler Truck Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 19/2022 on the draft decision of the Baden-Württemberg (Germany) Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the MercedesBenz Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 20/2022 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Ellucian Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 21/2022 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Ellucian Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 22/2022 on the draft decision of the Liechtenstein Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Hilti Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 23/2022 on the draft decision of the Swedish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Samres Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 24/2022 on the draft decision of the Swedish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Samres Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 26/2022 on the draft decision of the Data Protection Authority of Bavaria for the Private Sector regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Munich Re Reinsurance Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 09/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Bioclinica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 10/2022 on the draft decision of the Hesse Supervisory Authority (Germany) regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Fresenius Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 02/2022 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the WEBHELP Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 04/2022 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse

Children as data subjects, Data Subjects Rights

Opinion 31/2022 on the draft decision of the Slovak Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Piano Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Ramboll Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 14/2023 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Vestas Wind Systems Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 18/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Collibra Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 19/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the American Express Global Business Travel Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 20/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Comcast Corporation Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 21/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the UPS Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 22/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules for employee data of the UPS Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 7/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Autodesk Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 8/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Autodesk Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 5/2023 on the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision on the adequate protection of personal data under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 9/2023 on the draft decision of the Italian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Vertiv |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 10/2023 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the PROSEGUR Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 16/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Informatica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 17/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Informatica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 6/2023 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Royal Greenland Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 27/2022 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of LEYTON Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 29/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the DSV Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2022 on the draft decision of the Slovak Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Piano Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Zapier’s Transfer Impact Assessment

Data Transfers

Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA)

Data Transfers

Maximillian Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner [2015] Case C-362/14, 6 October 2015.

Data Transfers

EU-Canada PNR Agreement of 26 July 2017 (Grand Chamber) (EU:C:2017:592)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland and Maximillian Schrems (Case C-311/18), 16 July 2020.

Data Transfers

Prokuratuur (Conditions of access to data relating to electronic communications) (C-746/18, EU:C:2021:152)

Law Enforcement, Local Laws

Information note on data transfers under the GDPR to the US | EDPB

Data Transfers

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 10.7.2023 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequate level of protection of personal data under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Joint Guide to ASEAN MCC and EU SCC

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Children and the GDPR | UK ICO

Children as data subjects

Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679

Data Transfers

Guidelines 2/2020 on articles 46 (2) (a) and 46 (3) (b) of Regulation 2016/679 for transfers of personal data between EEA and non-EEA public authorities and bodies

Data Transfers

Guidelines 02/2021 on virtual voice assistants

Voice Assistants

Guidelines 04/2021 on Codes of Conduct as tools for transfers

Data Transfers

Second Report on the application of the General Data Protection Regulation by EU Commission

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Addictive patterns in the processing of personal data Implications for data protection by AEPD

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Rules of Procedure by EDPB on the cooperation and respective roles of national SAs and the EDPB Secretariat regarding the submission of complaints in the redress mechanism available to EU individuals in relation to alleged violations of U.S law with respect to their data collected by U.S. authorities competent for national security

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers, Risk Management

Rules of Procedure for the “Informal Panel of EU DPAs”according to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Template Complaint Form to the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence’s Civil Liberties Protection Officer (CLPO) by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

[UK] International Data Transfer Addendum to the EU Commission Standard Contractual Clauses

Data Transfers

[UK] International Data Transfer Agreements – Transitional Provisions

Data Transfers

A 10-step guide to sharing information to safeguard children by the UK ICO

Children as data subjects

ANAF Case C‑201/14, 1 October 2015

Automated Decision-making, Data Sharing, Data Transfers, Public Administrative Body