Resources

Records Management Toolkit Tracker

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Records Management Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Dutch Supervisory Authority for Data Protection (AP)-Uber Technologies Inc., Uber B.V. (7/22/2024)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Authority of Sweden-Tele2 Sverige Aktiebolag (6/30/2023)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Authority of Sweden-CDON AB (6/30/2023)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Authority of Ireland-Meta Platforms Ireland Limited (5/12/2023)

Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADSL HOUSE, S.L. (10/24/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TIGERS MARKET, S.L. (5/17/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TIGERS MARKET, S.L. (11/29/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INTRODUCTION BUSINESS CAPITAL MEDIA, S.L. (12/1/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Czech Data Protection Auhtority (UOOU)-Bank (7/12/1905)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (3/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Avilon Center 2016 S.L. (2/24/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vamavi Phone S.L. (2/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes, SAU (12/22/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Guidelines on Securing AI Systems by The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA)

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

EDPS Model Administrative Arrangement

Data Processing by the Government, Data Transfers, Specific processing situations

Cyber Threat Modelling for Risk Assessment by CSB

Risk Management, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Chief Information Security Officer_ HANDBOOK

Risk Management

“AI & Algorithmic Risks Report” by Dutch Data Protection Authority

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

The IDTA, Addendum and TRA: practical guidance for cross-border transfers by the UK ICO

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Transfers

NIST Special Publication NIST SP 800-221A_Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Risk Outcomes Integrating ICT Risk Management Programs with the Enterprise Risk Portfolio

Risk Management

Opinion 36/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Booking.com Group |EPDB

Data Transfers

Recommendations 1/2022 on the Application for Approval and on the elements and principles to be found in Controller Binding Corporate Rules (Art. 47 GDPR) |EPDB

Data Transfers

Recommendations 01/2020 on measures that supplement transfer tools to ensure compliance with the EU level of protection of personal data |Version 2.0 |EPDB

Data Transfers

Recommendations 01/2021 on the adequacy referential under the Law Enforcement Directive |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Thalès Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Thalès Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 33/2023 on the draft decision of the Hesse Supervisory Authority (Germany) regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Cerner Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 34/2023 on the draft decision of the Hesse Supervisory Authority (Germany) regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Cerner Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 35/2023 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Carlsberg Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 01/2024 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Booking.com Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 2/2024 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the TELEFÓNICA Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 3/2024 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Accenture Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 23/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules for customer data of the UPS Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 24/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Nestlé Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 25/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the SHV Holding N.V. Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 26/2023 on the draft decision of the Romanian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the OSF Global Services Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 27/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Tessi Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 28/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Servier Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 29/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Sodexo Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2023 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Sodexo Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

SWISS-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES ISSUED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Data Transfers

EU-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES ISSUED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Data Transfers

THE NEW STANDARD CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

International Data Transfer Agreements – Transitional Provisions

Data Transfers

Transfer Risk Assessment Tool by the UK ICO

Data Transfers

Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA) Template by HSE

Data Transfers

[UK EXTENSION] EU-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES ISSUED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Data Transfers

DRAFT RISK ASSESSMENT REGULATIONS FOR CALIFORNIA PRIVACY PROTECTION AGENCY

Risk Management

[UK] International Data Transfer Addendum to the EU Commission Standard Contractual Clauses

Data Transfers

[UK] Standard Data Protection Clauses to be issued by the Commissioner under S119A(1) Data Protection Act 2018

Data Transfers

Report on the first review of the functioning of the adequacy decisions adopted pursuant to Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Guide to Binding Corporate Rules by the UK ICO

Data Transfers

Case C 683-2021

Data Controller, Data Processors, Joint Controllers

[Draft] Transfer Impact Assessment by the CNIL

Data Transfers

International data transfer agreement and guidance by the UK ICO

Data Transfers

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE, MULTILATERAL, AND UNIVERSAL SOLUTION FOR INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFER by the UK Government

Data Transfers

T‑553-23 R

Data Transfers

Case C-101/01

Data Transfers, Definitions, Principles, Processing of personal data, Sensitive Data

OPINION 1/15 OF 26. 7. 2017

Data Transfers

Guidelines 01/2023 on Article 37 Law Enforcement Directive

Data Transfers

C-272/19

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

Effective Cyber Risk Management: A best practice governance guide for digitally secure and resilient organisations by Governance Institute of Australia

Risk Management, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Case C‑461/22 CURIA

Data Controller, Definitions

EU-U.S. DATA PRIVACY FRAMEWORK F.A.Q. FOR EUROPEAN BUSINESSES BY EDPB

Data Transfers

Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms in Risk Assessment by the European Labour Authority

Risk Management

Guidelines 01/2023 on Article 37 Law Enforcement Directive by EDPB

Data Transfers

Information note by EDPB on data transfers under the GDPR to the United States after the adoption of the adequacy decision on 10 July 2023

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 18/2021 on the draft Standard Contractual Clauses submitted by the LT SA (Article 28(8) GDPR) |EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Opinion 26/2021 on the draft decision of the Supervisory Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Internet Initiative Japan Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 27/2021 on the draft decision of the Supervisory Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Internet Initiative Japan Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 28/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Oregon Tool, Inc (formerly “Blount”) |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 29/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Oregon Tool, Inc (Formerly “Blount”) |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 21/2021 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the CGI Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 22/2021 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the CGI Group |EDPB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 14/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the United Kingdom |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 15/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/680 on the adequate protection of personal data in the United Kingdom |EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the Republic of Korea |EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Information Note by EDPB on the redress mechanism for EU/EEA individuals in relation to alleged violations of U.S. law with respect to their data collected by U.S authorities competent for national security

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

EU-US Data Privacy Framework Template Complaint Form for Submitting Commercial Related Complaints to EU DPAs by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Generative Artificial Intelligence Risk Assessment by State of California Department of Technology

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Opinion 39/2021 on whether Article 58(2)(g) GDPR could serve as a legal basis for a supervisory authority to order ex officio the erasure of personal data, in a situation where such request was not submitted by the data subject |EPDB

Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

Opinion 03/2022 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the WEBHELP Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2021 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the COLT Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 33/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Carrier |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 34/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Otis |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 08/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Bioclinica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 06/2022 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Groupon International Limited |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 05/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Lundbeck Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 07/2022 on the draft decision of the Hungarian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of MOL Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 04/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Norican Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the Republic of Korea |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 2/2022 on the Proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act)

Data Transfers

Opinion 17/2022 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the ANTOLIN Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 18/2022 on the draft decision of the Baden-Württemberg (Germany) Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Daimler Truck Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 19/2022 on the draft decision of the Baden-Württemberg (Germany) Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the MercedesBenz Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 20/2022 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Ellucian Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 21/2022 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Ellucian Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 22/2022 on the draft decision of the Liechtenstein Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Hilti Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 23/2022 on the draft decision of the Swedish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Samres Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 24/2022 on the draft decision of the Swedish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Samres Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 26/2022 on the draft decision of the Data Protection Authority of Bavaria for the Private Sector regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Munich Re Reinsurance Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 09/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Bioclinica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 10/2022 on the draft decision of the Hesse Supervisory Authority (Germany) regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Fresenius Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 02/2022 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the WEBHELP Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 31/2022 on the draft decision of the Slovak Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Piano Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Ramboll Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 14/2023 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Vestas Wind Systems Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 18/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Collibra Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 19/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the American Express Global Business Travel Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 20/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Comcast Corporation Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 21/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the UPS Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 22/2023 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules for employee data of the UPS Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 7/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Autodesk Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 8/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of Autodesk Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 5/2023 on the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision on the adequate protection of personal data under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 9/2023 on the draft decision of the Italian Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Vertiv |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 10/2023 on the draft decision of the Spanish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the PROSEGUR Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 16/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the Informatica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 17/2023 on the draft decision of the Irish Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of the Informatica Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 6/2023 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Royal Greenland Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 27/2022 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the Processor Binding Corporate Rules of LEYTON Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 29/2022 on the draft decision of the Danish Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of the DSV Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Opinion 30/2022 on the draft decision of the Slovak Supervisory Authority regarding the Controller Binding Corporate Rules of Piano Group |EPDB

Binding Corporate Rules, Data Transfers

Zapier’s Transfer Impact Assessment

Data Transfers

Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA)

Data Transfers

Joint statement on data scraping and the protection of privacy

Personal Data Collection

Maximillian Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner [2015] Case C-362/14, 6 October 2015.

Data Transfers

Fashion ID, 29 July 2019, C-40/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:629

Data Controller, Data Processors

Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH, in the presence of Facebook Ireland Ltd (Case C-210/16).

Data Controller

EU-Canada PNR Agreement of 26 July 2017 (Grand Chamber) (EU:C:2017:592)

Data Transfers

Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland and Maximillian Schrems (Case C-311/18), 16 July 2020.

Data Transfers

Information note on data transfers under the GDPR to the US | EDPB

Data Transfers

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 10.7.2023 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequate level of protection of personal data under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Joint Guide to ASEAN MCC and EU SCC

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679

Data Transfers

Guidelines 07/2020 on the concepts of controller and processor in the GDPR

Data Controller, Data Processors, Definitions

Guidelines 2/2020 on articles 46 (2) (a) and 46 (3) (b) of Regulation 2016/679 for transfers of personal data between EEA and non-EEA public authorities and bodies

Data Transfers

Guidelines 04/2021 on Codes of Conduct as tools for transfers

Data Transfers

Telegram CEO’s Arrest Sparks Debate on Privacy vs. Regulation

Personal Data Collection, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Second Report on the application of the General Data Protection Regulation by EU Commission

Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

BEYOND IMAGINATION : PLANNING FOR ONTARIANS’ DIGITAL FUTURE | 2023 annual report

Governance

Rules of Procedure by EDPB on the cooperation and respective roles of national SAs and the EDPB Secretariat regarding the submission of complaints in the redress mechanism available to EU individuals in relation to alleged violations of U.S law with respect to their data collected by U.S. authorities competent for national security

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers, Risk Management

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework by NIST: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Rules of Procedure for the “Informal Panel of EU DPAs”according to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Template Complaint Form to the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence’s Civil Liberties Protection Officer (CLPO) by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

[UK] International Data Transfer Addendum to the EU Commission Standard Contractual Clauses

Data Transfers

[UK] International Data Transfer Agreements – Transitional Provisions

Data Transfers

Building a Cybersecurity and Privacy Learning Program | NIST | Initial Public Draft

Data Breaches, Employment, Risk Management, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

ANAF Case C‑201/14, 1 October 2015

Automated Decision-making, Data Sharing, Data Transfers, Public Administrative Body

Board of Directors Handbook for Cloud Risk Governance | Google

Governance

The EDPB data protection guide for small business

AI, Risk Management

Approach to Data Spaces from GDPR Perspective (AEPD)

Data Spaces, Risk Management